Pseudoallergic Reactions of Xuebijing Injection and Its Rational Drug Use / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate whether the adverse reactions of Xuebijing injection (XBJJ) are mainly pseudoallergic reactions and explore the influencing factors of its pseudoallergic reactions. Method:Mouse model of pseudoallergic reaction was used to study the anaphylactoid reaction of XBJJ which at 0.5, 1 and 2 times of the highest clinical concentration. Next, we compared the differences in pseudoallergic reactions caused by XBJJ for different storage times after preparation. Specifically, XBJJ was prepared into different concentrations, stored for 10 minutes, 2.5 hours, 6 hours and 24 hours, and then injected into the tail vein of mice. Finally, three different injection speeds of 3 seconds, 45 seconds and 90 seconds were selected for XBJJ injection, and then the differences in the paeudoallergic reactions induced by XBJJ in mice under different injection speeds were compared. Result:XBJJ induces pseudoallergic reactions in mice when the drug concentration is higher than the clinically recommended concentration. Compared with storage for 10 minutes after preparation, the degree of pseudoallergic reaction in mice induced by the same concentration of XBJJ increased with the extension of storage time. In addition, when XBJJ was injected in 3 s (the injection rate was 0.083 mL·s^-1), it produced the strongest pseudoallergic reaction. Conclusion:The adverse reactions induced by XBJJ are mainly pseudoallergic reactions. Excessive storage time after preparation and fast injection speed of XBJJ will lead to aggravation of pseudoallergic reactions in mice. When XBJJ is used clinically, it should strictly follow the usage, dosage, concentration, and drip rate recommended in the drug instruction manual. Rational drug use is of positive significance for improving the safety of XBJJ.

Adequate Animal Models of Hyperuricemia for Traditional Chinese Medicine Screening / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To compare the characteristics of four commonly adopted animal models of hyperuricemia （HUA） for traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） screening， so as to choose the adequate model for screening Chinese herbs and herbal compounds capable of lowering the uric acid. Method:Fifty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into nine groups， namely the normal group， hypoxanthine （HX） + oxonic acid potassium salt （OAPS） model group， yeast extract （YE） + OAPS model group， low-dose adenine （AD） + ethambutol （EMB） model group， high-dose AD + EMB model group， and four positive drug allopurinol （Allo） groups. The modeling lasted for 14 d. The levels of serum uric acid （SUA）， urinary uric acid （UUA）， serum creatinine （SCr）， urea nitrogen （BUN）， kidney injury molecule 1 （KIM-1）， and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin （NGAL） were detected on the 3rd， 7th， and 14th days. Urine was collected on the 7th and 14th days to investigate changes in urine volume， and the crystals in the residual urine were observed under a polarizing microscope. After the modeling， the kidney was harvested and weighed， followed by pathological examination. Result:The urine volumes in the HX + OAPS model group and high-dose AD + EMB model group were significantly reduced （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. The renal indexes of each model group， except for the YE + OAPS model group， were significantly elevated （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. The increase in SUA of the HX + OAPS model group and YE + OAPS model group started later （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. The KIM-1 and NGAL levels of the HX + OAPS model group rose significantly from the 7th day （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， and the BUN increased significantly on the 14th day （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. There was no significant difference in the above-mentioned indicators in the YE + OAPS model group. The SUA levels of the low- and high-dose AD + EMB model groups increased significantly on the 3rd day （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， with a persistent increase found in the low-dose AD + EMB model group. Besides， the increase in BUN， KIM-1， and NGAL occurred later （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. By contrast， the high-dose AD + EMB model group exhibited a transient increase in SUA. Moreover， the SCr， BUN， KIM-1， and NGAL elevation occurred earlier and were more obvious than those in the low-dose AD + EMB model group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Remarkable histomorphological abnormalities were detected in the kidney of all model groups， except for the YE+OAPS model group， with the most severe injury present in the high-dose AD+EMB model group. Conclusion:The four models commonly used to screen TCM have their own characteristics. In the four models， the SUA elevation in the HX + OAPS model group and YE + OAPS model group started later， with the mild renal injury observed in the HX + OAPS model group instead of the YE + OAPS model group. The SUA of the low-dose AD + EMB model group increased rapidly and lasted for a long time， accompanied by mild renal injury. The SUA of the high-dose AD + EMB model group only showed a transient increase， accompanied by severe renal injury. The investigation on the characteristics and application of different models and the evaluation of these models based on sensitive and objective indicators are helpful for determining the suitable model for the screening of TCM targeting HUA in the future.

Synergistic Effect of Xiangdan Injection and Qingkailing Injection on Organ Injury Caused by Acute Inflammation and Thrombosis in Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the synergistic effect of Xiangdan injection （XDI） and Qingkailing injection （QKLI） in the treatment of inflammation and thrombosis animal model based on changes of thrombus， inflammatory indexes， organ function， and pathological changes. Method:A total of 100 male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal control group， a model group， XDI groups （2.5， 5 mL·kg^-1）， QKLI groups （5， 10 mL·kg^-1）， and XDI + QKLI groups ［（2.5+5） mL·kg^-1，（2.5+10） mL·kg^-1，（5+5） mL·kg^-1，and （5+10） mL·kg^-1］ according to the body weight， with 10 rats in each group. Rats were treated correspondingly by intraperitoneal injection once a day for 4 days. The normal control group and the model group received normal saline. On the second day of administration， the model was induced in rats except those in the normal control group. Specifically， 25 mg·kg^-1carrageenan was injected intraperitoneally into the rats， followed by an injection of 50 μg·kg^-1 lipopolysaccharide （LPS） through the tail vein 16 hours later. Twenty-four hours after LPS injection， the rats were detected for liver index， kidney index， the number of platelets （PLT）， thrombus length， and biochemical indicators such as aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， alkaline phosphatase （ALP）， creatinine， and blood urea nitrogen （BUN）. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to determine the content of inflammatory factors interleukin-6 （IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor-<italic>α</italic> （TNF-<italic>α</italic>）. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of heart， liver， lung， and kidney， as well as the grading of organ injury. Result:Compared with the normal group， the model group showed decreased PLT， lengthened thrombus in the tail， increased liver index， elevated content of ALT， ALP， BUN， IL-6， and TNF-<italic>α</italic> （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， and damaged liver， lung， and kidney tissues （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with the conditions in the model group， XDI at 5 mL·kg^-1 reduced serum ALT and ALP in rats （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， QKLI at 5 and 10 mL·kg^-1reduced serum levels ALT and ALP， and TNF-<italic>α </italic>content<italic> </italic>（<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. XDI at 5 mL·kg^-1 or QKLI at 10 mL·kg^-1 relieved the LPS-induced lung injury （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， the combination of XDI and QKLI decreased the levels of ALT， AST， ALP， and TNF-<italic>α， </italic>and the effect was predominant in the combination of XDI and QKLI at 5 and 10 mL·kg^-1（<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. Additionally， the length of the tail thrombus was significantly shortened （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， and the degree of lung injury was also reduced （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. The serum levels of ALT and BUN， TNF-<italic>α</italic> content， and liver index of rats were reduced after the combination of XDI and QKLI as compared with those in the single drug groups at the same dose （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. Conclusion:XDI or QKLI can improve or inhibit organ function， organ injury， and inflammatory response in the rat model of inflammation and thrombosis. The combination of the two drugs shows a synergistic effect in reducing the length of venous thrombus， improving liver and kidney function， inhibiting inflammatory factors， and protecting lung， liver， kidney， and other organs.

Ultrasound-Guided Transmuscular Quadratus Lumbar Block Reduces Opioid Consumption after Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Objectives Transmuscular quadratus lumborum block (TQLB) may provide postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing intraperitoneal surgeries. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential efficacy of TQLB among patients undergoing retroperitoneal procedures, such as the laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN). Methods This prospective, randomized, controlled study was conducted from August 2017 to November 2018 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Beijing, China). Patients who were scheduled for a LPN, aged 18-70 years old with an ASA physical status score of I - II were randomly assigned to receive either TQLB with 0.6 ml/kg of 0.5% ropivacaine plus general anesthesia (TQLB group) or general anesthesia alone (control group). Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with morphine was initiated immediately upon surgery completion. The primary outcome was the cumulative consumption of morphine within 8 h after surgery. The secondary outcome included postoperative consumptions of morphine at other time points, pain score at rest and during activity, postoperative nausea and vomitting (PONV), and recovery related parameters. Results Totally 30 patients per group were recruited in the study. The 8 h consumption of morphine was lower in the TQLB group than in the control group (median, 0.023 mg/kg

Value of Preoperative Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Predicting Prognosis of Surgically Resectable Urinary Cancers: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Objective Accumulated evidence has suggested that there is a close association between preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and prognosis of various malignant tumors. However, the relationship between NLR and surgically resectable urinary cancers remains contradictory. Therefore, we performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to explore whether preoperative NLR could predict the prognosis of surgically resectable urinary cancers. Methods After searching the Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane databases and screening the articles, we finally included 25 studies involving 15950 patients. Hazard ratios (s) and their 95% confidence intervals (s) were extracted to assess the association between preoperative NLR and the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of surgically resectable urinary cancers. Results The pooled results revealed that an elevated preoperative NLR could predict a worse OS (=1.40, 95%: 1.26-1.54, <0.001) and CSS (=1.43, 95%: 1.27-1.59, <0.001) in urinary cancers. In addition, our analyses also suggested that high preoperative NLR was associated with worse prognosis in renal cell carcinoma (OS: =2.06, 95%: 1.54-2.76, =0.131; CSS: =2.46, 95%: 1.46-4.16, =0.178), upper tract urothelial carcinoma (OS: =1.91, 95%: 1.50-2.42, =0.616; CSS: =1.84, 95%: 1.41-2.39, =0.001), bladder cancer (OS: =1.09, 95%: 1.02-1.17, <0.001; CSS: =1.05, 95%: 1.01-1.09, =0.163) and prostate cancer (OS: =1.69, 95%: 1.19-2.41, =0.714). Regardless of the participants' race or the cutoff value of the preoperative NLR, the results remained valid. Conclusion Elevated preoperative NLR could predict a worse prognosis in surgically resectable urinary cancers, namely, renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, prostate cancer and upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

The Impacts of Simulated Microgravity on Rat Brain Depended on Durations and Regions / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the dynamic impacts of simulated microgravity (SM) on different vital brain regions of rats.@*METHODS@#Microgravity was simulated for 7 and 21 days, respectively, using the tail-suspension rat model. Histomorphology, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and the expression of some key proteins were determined in hippocampus, cerebral cortex and striatum.@*RESULTS@#21-day SM decreased brain derived neurotrophic factor and induced neuron atrophy in the cerebral cortex. Strong oxidative stress was triggered at day 7 and the oxidative status returned to physiological level at day 21. Inflammatory cytokines were gradually suppressed and in striatum, the suppression was regulated partially through c-Jun/c-Fos.@*CONCLUSION@#The results revealed that the significant impacts of SM on rat brain tissue depended on durations and regions, which might help to understand the health risk and to prevent brain damage for astronauts in space travel.

Metabonome in Early Diagnosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma / 中国医学科学院学报

Renal cell carcinoma(RCC)is one of the most common malignant tumors in the urinary system.Many patients have already been in the advanced stage at the first medical consultation and the prognosis is dismal.Metabonomics searches for differential metabolomes through high-throughput analysis of endogenous metabolites showing high potential in the early diagnosis of RCC and the investigations on its pathophysiological mechanisms.Metabonomics techniques are also useful for identifying tumor markers,which will help to enable early diagnosis and improve clinical prognosis of RCC.

Comprehensive treatment of adrenal cortical carcinoma / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical and functional imaging examination and pathological features of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of ACC.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 93 patients with ACC were analyzed retrospectively. Their diagnosis, surgical treatment and follow-up of mitotane medcine therapy were madeaccording to clinical manifestations, adrenal endocrine function determination, imaging examination characteristics and histopathological results.@*RESULTS@#Among the 93 patients, the age ranged from 11 to 76 years, with a median age of 48 years. The ratio of male to female was 1:1.2. Twenty-four hours urinary free cortisol (UFC) elevated in 86 cases, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) decreased in 88 cases, blood F rhythm disappeared in 82 cases, and 31 cases of aldosterone increased. Thirty-six cases of sexual hormone increased. Neuron specific enolase (NSE) increased in 27 cases. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) increased in 26 cases. Seventy-six cases of high-dose dexamethasone suppression test (HDDST) and low-dose dexamethasone supression test (LDDST) were not suppressed separately. There were 62 cases of hypertension, and typical Cushing manifestations in 81 cases. Blood glucose elevated in 54 cases. Hypokalemia was in 21 cases and androgen secretion increased in 36 cases. The maximum diameter of the tumor was 3-17 cm, with 6 cases of adrenal central vein, renal vein and inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. The recurrence time was 1.2-5.0 years after operation. Metastasis and recurrence were in 56 cases during the follow-up, lung metastasis in 13 cases, liver metastasis in 17 cases, retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis in 9 cases, lumbar metastasis in 7 cases, ovarian metastasis in 3 cases, abdominal wall and incision implantation in 4 cases. Fifteen cases with distant metastasis. Seventy-seven patients were treated with radical adrenalectomy, and the other patients were treated with renal and adrenal resection on the same side of the kidney. There were 5 cases of adrenal tumor with vena cava tumor thrombus in the removal of the tumor, and the other for the partial resection of the vena cava in 3 cases. Regarding the clinical stage, stage I was in 39 cases, stage II in 28 cases, stage III in 16 cases and stage IV in 10 cases. The patients were followed up for 8-69 months, and 43 patients survived more than 5 years.@*CONCLUSION@#Function imaging combined with clinical features and endocrine hormone levels have important roles in ACC early diagnosis. Radical excision is the only effective treatment. Adjuvant or adjuvant mitotane drug therapy can brused for the treatment of recurrence and metastasis ACC patients,. ACC is a tumor with high malignancy and poor prognosis.

Safety of animal traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injections / 中国中药杂志

Animal medicine injection is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injections. All or part of animals with a significant curative effect and little side reactions as raw materials as well as modern technology are used to produce traditional Chinese medicine injections with a reliable and rapid drug efficacy and high bioavailability. Due to the complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine injections, imperfect quality standards, and unreasonable clinical use, the incidence of adverse reactions of traditional Chinese medicine injections has been significantly higher than that of traditional Chinese medicine for oral use. Animal medicine injections contain rich protein and fat, and heteroproteins are the main sensitization source in animal medicine injections. At present, the adverse reactions of animal medicine injections are mainly manifested in the anaphylaxis-like reactions at skin, mucous membranes and organ systems. The adverse reactions that occur during the first medication are more common. Specific causes for allergic-like adverse reactions in animal injections and related substances in traditional Chinese medicine injections made of animals that induce allergies or anaphylactoid reactions are currently not specifically reported. This article reviews the current adverse reactions of animal TCM injections, allergies and pseudoallergic reactions of animal TCM injections, the pharmacokinetics of animal TCM injections, and the combined use of drugs, in order to improve the quality standards of Chinese medicine injections for animals and provide reference for further safety related research.

Mechanism of nephrotoxicity of rhubarb in rats / 中国中药杂志

The aim of this study was to investigate the renal toxicity of rhubarb and its mechanism. The SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal group and two rhubarb extract groups (16, 2 g·kg⁻¹). According to the dose conversion method between human and animal, rhubarb 16 g·kg⁻¹ and 2 g·kg⁻¹ were equivalent to 10 times and 1.25 times of human clinical dose respectively. Rhubarb extract was administered by a gastric gavage to rats once daily for 30 days. Serum urea nitrogen （BUN）, creatinine （CRE） and urine KIM-1, NGAL and renal morphology were analyzed. The expressions of OAT1, OAT3 and clusterin mRNA in kidney were measured. The results showed that the low dose of rhubarb had no obvious renal toxicity. The high dose group showed mild and moderate renal injury and a down-regulation of clusterin mRNA expression in the kidney tissue. The renal toxicity in male animals was heavier than that in female animals. There was no significant change in blood BUN and CRE in the high dose group. But urine NGAL level of the high dose group increased by 51.53% compared with normal group, of which male animals increased more significantly (<0.05, compared with the normal group). The expressions of renal OAT1 and OAT3 mRNA in the low dose group were obviously higher than that in the normal group. The results indicated that the high dose of rhubarb could cause the renal toxicity. The dosage should be controlled reasonably in the clinical use. OAT1 and OAT3 mRNA related to anionic transport in kidney tissue played a compensatory protective role in rhubarb-induced renal injury. But the compensatory effect is relatively weak at the high dose level. In addition, routine renal function indicators BUN and CRE had limitation for monitoring the kidney toxicity of rhubarb. It is suggested that urine NGAL detection might be helpful for monitoring the renal toxicity of rhubarb.

Preclinical study on adverse reactions of Xingnaojing injection / 中国中药杂志

In this study, different batches of Xingnaojing injection products were first selected for pseudoallergic mice test, and the results showed that after injection of 6.6-fold clinical dose Xingnaojing injection, the mice showed a slight pseudoallergic reaction, while other mice injected with other batches of injections showed no obvious pseudoallergic reaction. Therefore, it is preliminarily believed that this mice model can effectively indicate the risk of pseudoallergic reactions in the clinical application of Xingnaojing injections. In addition, by changing some of the processes, a high concentration of Xingnaojing injection was prepared for mice pseudoallergic test and guinea pig systemic allergy test. The results showed no significant type Ⅰ allergic reaction in guinea pigs. Mild pseudoallergic reactions occurred in mice after a 6.6-fold clinical dose injection. Therefore, it is considered that for sensitive or idiosyncratic people, the concentration of certain chemical components in Xingnaojing injection will increase after entering the body, which may increase the risk of pseudoallergic reaction. However, due to the limitations of test models, the risk of Xingnaojing injection to induce allergic reactions cannot be ruled out. Finally, by increasing the content of borneol and Tween and (or) sodium chloride in Xingnnaojing Injection and testing its pseudoallergic reactions, the results showed that the combination of these three ingredients may produce new trace sensitization substance and induce pseudoallergic reactions.

Pharmacokinetic characteristics of fourteen main components of Gegen Qinlian Decoction in rats / 中国中药杂志

Animal traditional Chinese medicine has a long history of application in China, and its clinical application is very extensive. Due to the complex chemical composition in animal traditional Chinese medicine, the basis of chemical research is relatively weak, which leads to the unclear composition and toxic components of many animal Chinese medicines. The relationship between the medicinal and toxic components of animal Chinese medicine has not yet been elucidated. The non-clinical safety evaluation of animal traditional Chinese medicine mainly includes acute toxicity, long-term toxicity, safety pharmacology, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity experiments, and experimental studies such as carcinogenicity are needed when necessary. The current preclinical safety research on animal traditional Chinese medicine is mainly based on the study for toxic animal traditional Chinese medicines. Most animal Chinese medicines have not carried out systematic preclinical and clinical safety studies. The research method is mainly focused on acute toxicity test. It is necessary to carry out systematic preclinical safety studies on animal traditional Chinese medicines, to clarify the possible side effects and its characteristics, its toxic target organs, toxic doses and poisoning mechanisms induced by different animal traditional Chinese medicines. Finally, this paper suggests that in the preclinical safety study of animal traditional Chinese medicine, in-depth research and comparison should be carried out in combination with chemical substance foundation, origin, and collection season, and the safety of "non-toxic" animal traditional Chinese medicine should be carried out when necessary. In addition, it is necessary to rationally use the cutting-edge technologies and methods of toxicology research to fully clarify the preclinical safety information of animal Chinese medicines.

Pseudoallergic reaction characteristics of Qingkailing injection and preliminary screening of allergic substances / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to explore the characteristics and the influencing factors of Qingkailing injection (QKLI) pseudoallergic reaction, and screen out the possible pseudoallergenic substances. The results showed that ICR and Kunming mice had stronger pseudoallergic reactions than BALB/c and C57 mice after being injected with the same dose of QKLI. The pseudoallergic reaction induced by QKLI that was prepared with 0.9% saline was stronger than that prepared with 5% glucose. When the dose was twice of the clinical dose, some batches of QKLI could cause significant or suspected pseudoallergic reactions; when the dose dropped to clinically equal times, all of the batches did not induce pseudoallergic reactions in mice. Different batches of QKLI induced different pseudoallergic reactions in mice. Therefore, QKLI's pseudoallergic reactions might have a certain relationship with different body constitutions. Different solvents might affect the safety of QKLI. QKIL-induced pseudoallergic reactions had the different characteristics between batches, and the dosage should be strictly controlled in clinical use. After the comparison of pseudoallergic reactions induced by different components and different intermediates of QKLI in mice, it was preliminary believed that pseudoallergenic substances might exist in intermediate Isatidis Radix extracts and Gardenia extracts, but specific pseudoallergens shall be furthered studied in subsequent experiences.

Preliminary Application of WCX Magnetic Bead-Based Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in Analyzing the Urine of Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Objective To evaluate the application of weak cation exchange (WCX) magnetic bead-based Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in detecting differentially expressed proteins in the urine of renal clear cell carcinoma (RCCC) and its value in the early diagnosis of RCCC.Methods Eleven newly diagnosed patients (10 males and 1 female, aged 46-78, mean 63 years) of renal clear cell carcinoma by biopsy and 10 healthy volunteers (all males, aged 25-32, mean 29.7 years) were enrolled in this study. Urine samples of the RCCC patients and healthy controls were collected in the morning. Weak cation exchange (WCX) bead-based MALDI-TOF MS technique was applied in detecting differential protein peaks in the urine of RCCC. ClinProTools2.2 software was utilized to determine the characteristic proteins in the urine of RCCC patients for the predictive model of RCCC. Results The technique identified 160 protein peaks in the urine that were different between RCCC patients and health controls; and among them, there was one peak (molecular weight of 2221.71 Da) with statistical significance (P=0.0304). With genetic algorithms and the support vector machine, we screened out 13 characteristic protein peaks for the predictive model. Conclusions The application of WCX magnetic bead-based MALDI-TOF MS in detecting differentially expressed proteins in urine may have potential value for the early diagnosis of RCCC.

Adverse reaction and screening of sensitizing substance of Shuxuening injection / 中国中药杂志

In this study, by the means of the active systemic allergy test in guinea pigs, passive skin allergy test in rats and pseudoallergic test in mice, it was determined that the "allergic reaction" of Shuxuening injection(SXNI) may not be a true IgE-mediated allergic reactions, but mainly of pseudoallergic reaction. Further pseudoallergic test proved that the pseudoallergic reactions of SXNI had difference between batches and showed dose dependence, so it was recommended to establish SXNI pseudoallergic reaction detection method for timely detecting and controlling the product risk of each batch products. In addition, as the pseudoallergic reactions of SXNI were dose-dependent, the dose and concentration of SXNI should be strictly controlled in clinical use. Then the main pseudoallergenic reaction test was conducted for the main monomer components in SXNI and the different fractions of Ginkgo biloba extract in mice, and the results showed that the sensitizing substances may mainly exist in YXY-3 fractions containing flavonol glycosides. By further chemically separating YXY-3, we got four chemical components. Among these four components, YXY-3-1 and YXY-3-2 were testified as the main allergenic components in SXNI through pseudoallergic test in mice. To make sure the specific chemical constituent that is responsible for the pseudoallergic reaction, in-depth study in follow-up experiments should be needed.

Research progress of Rho/ROCK signal pathway / 药学学报

Rho GTPases belong to Ras superfamily, which is reported to involve in cell migration, phagocytosis, contraction and adhesion. ROCK (also known as Rho-associated kinase) is considered to be one of the most important downstream targets of Rho that is widely investigated. Rho/ROCK signal pathway induces cytoskeletal reorganization, cell migration and stress fiber formation, affects endothelial permeability, tissue constriction and growth, involves in diabetic nephropathy, eye disease, cancer, heart disease, nerve injury disease, hypertension, radiation injury and leukemia. As a novel drug research target, Rho/ROCK signal pathway has received more and more attention. This review provides the basic characteristics and physiological effects of Rho/ROCK signal pathway, the relationships between Rho/ROCK signal pathway and diseases, and the therapeutic methods based on the Rho/ROCK signal pathway.

Review on requirements of drug allergy or pseudoallergic reactions in pre-clinical evaluation / 中国中药杂志

Drug allergy and pseudoallergic reactions are main adverse drug reactions. Allergy is mainly induced by the immunogenicity of drug, drug metabolic products or drug additive. Pseudoallergic reactions may result from the irritation or activation of inflammatory material release. Pre-clinical evaluation of drug allergy and pseudoallergic reactions is included in immunotoxicity evaluation. Now there is no in vivo or in vitro method that could predict all kinds of allergy or pseudoallergic reactions due to the different mechanisms. In the past few years, FDA, SFDA OECD, ICH and WHO have published several guidelines on per-clinical immunotoxicity evaluation, however, no agreement has been reached on allergy and pseudoallergic reactions evaluation. This article reviews the requirements of allergy and pseudoallergic reactions in pre-clinical evaluation.

Genotoxicity research thought and method on traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

Genotoxicity research takes an important place in traditional Chinese medicine safety evaluation. Genotoxicity test on traditional Chinese medicine has been paid great attention since 1970s. Currently, the most developed genotoxicity test methods included: bacterial reverse mutation test and mouse lymphoma assay which are used to detect relevant genetic changes, micronucleus test and chromosomal analysis which are used to measure chromosomal aberration, and single cell electrophoresis assay which is used to test DNA damage. This article reviews research progress on genotoxicity of traditional Chinese medicine, evaluation methods of genotoxicity, the problems and solutions on genotoxicity evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine, and new technique used in genotoxicity test.

Evaluation and study of pseudo-allergic reactions of three kinds of traditional Chinese medicine injections and its mechanisms / 中国中药杂志

To evaluated the pseudo-allergic reactions of cordate houttuynia, pulse-activating and Qingkailing injection in mice, the ICR mouse were divided into different test groups, then were intravenously injected with three traditional Chinese medicine injections, positive control compound 48/80 and physiological saline as normal control. All test substances were mixed with 0.4% Evans blue. The reaction and vascular permeability of the ears were observed and measured 30 min after injection. At the same time, the mechanisms of the traditional Chinese injections' pseudo-allergic reactions was studyed. ICR mice were injected with the test substances as above without EB, blood in a part of mice were collected after 5 min, and the level of histamine in the plasma were measured. Blood in the other part of mice were collected after 30 min, and the level of VEGF, TNF-α and IL-10 in the serum were measured. The reasults showed that except the cordate houttuynia injection, pulse-activating injection in 1. 5 times clinical concentration and Qingkailing injection in 3.3 times clinical concentration caused mild pseudo-allergic reactions mainly for vascular permeability, no pseudo-allergic reactions occurred when the concentration of the two injections was below the concentration metioned above; 5 minutes after intravenous injection of the three TCM injections into ICR mice with the highest dose, the levels of histamine in plasma of pulse-activating injection and Qingkailing injection groups were increased significantly, 30 minutes later, the levels of VEGF, TNF-α and IL-10 in the serum of all groups were no significant change compared to normal group. The mouse of pulse-activating and Qingkailing injection groups showed inflammatory changes in ear and lung tissues. It can be conluded that when the dose or concentration increased to a certain extent, pulse-activating and Qingkailing injection could induce pseudo-allergic reactions on ICR mice, the increased histamine realease maybe the main reason for pseudo-allergic reactions of the two traditional Chinese medicine injections. In addition the author preliminary thought that inflammatory mechanisms leading to hyperpermeabilities were the main reason of the traditional Chinese medicine injection's pseudo-allergic reaction.

Preclinical evaluation of pseudoallergic reactions on Chinese herbal injections: study on animal strain and gender difference / 中国中药杂志

Pseudoallergic reactions occured after the first administration of patients, and the pathogenic mechanisms of them were different from the allergic reactions which needed excitation after antigen sensitization. To provide a basis for evaluation, clinical use and drug development of pseudoallergic reactions, the models were established by two kinds of Chinese herbal injections (CHI) both on different strain or gender mice. With the use of ICR, Kunming, BALB/C, C57 mice, pseudoallergic tests of two CHI were conducted to compare the sensitivity of four strains mice, and compared the differences in male and female animals. Test substances contain 0.8% Evans blue (EB) were intravenously injected into different strain and gender mice. Scores of ear blue staining and quantitation of ear EB exudation were the parameters for pseudoallergic reaction. Results of strain difference indicated that both CHI A and B could cause severe pseudoallergic reactions indicated by obvious vascular hyperpermeability on ICR mice. The pseudoallergic reactions in ICR mice are more obvious under the the same dose of injection, which stated the sensibility of ICR mice. And the reactions of KM mice and BALB/C mice were slightly reduced which compared to ICR mice, even alomost nothing on C57 mice. Comparison results of gender difference showed that one CHI was not have significant difference in male and female animals, but male animals were more susceptible than females on another CHI. Therefore, ICR mice were preferable experimental strain on the model of pseudoallergic reactions induced by CHI A and B. Because of female animals were easily influenced by estrous cycle, the pseudoallergic reactions induced by CHI A and B select and use male mice befittingly.